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university ol the State ol New Yorii Bulletin 

Entered as second-class matter August 2. 1913, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y.. under 
the act of August 24, 191 2 

Published fortnightly 



No. 558 ALBANY, N. Y. January i, 1914 



Division of Visual Instruction 
List 23 
SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
FORESTRY AND LUMBERING 

The slides and photographs Hsted below illustrate most of the 
more important aspects of forestry and lumbering in which the 
general public is interested, particularly those features found in 
New York State. The collection as a whole should satisfy the wishes, 
of those who for several years have been inquiring for carefuUv 
selected illustrations of this subject. 

The list has been made up with reference to no one class of borrow- 
ers. It is not offered as a " set " to be used entire. The subject 
of the forests and forest conservation is one' of popular interest and 
can be satisfactorily presented through an illustrated lecture. But 
selections from the list can be made for use in classes in botany, 
descriptive geography and commercial studies. 

There are numerous available publications on this subject, to 
some of the most important of which reference is herein made. 
The specific titles of the illustrations and the brief notes appended 
should be sufficient to guide the studies of those not already familiar 
with the subject. 

Acknowle^d^ent is here made of the assistance rendered us in 
the preparation of this list by Mr C. R. Pettis, superintendent of 
New York State Forests of the State Conservation Commission, 
and by Professor Walter Mulford, director of the department of 
forestry m the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell 
University, who have passed upon the pictures and made helpful 
suggestions concerning them. 

A. W. Abrams 
Chief, Division of Visual Instruction 

Albany, N. Y., December i, igij 



V25r-Ni3-4ooo (7-11192) 



^ 



References : 

Books 

Allen, Nellie B. Industrial Studies, p. 253-85. Ginn & Co. 

Suitable for elementary grades 

Bruncken, Ernest. North American Forests and Forestry. G. P. Putnam's 
Sons 

Bryant, R. C. Logging. John Wiley & Sons 

Chapman, Herman H. Forestry. American Lumberman 

Elliott, Simon B. The Important Timber Trees of the United States. Hough- 
ton Mifflin Co. 

Fernow, Bemhard E. Economics of Forestry. CroweU & Co. 

Graves, Henry Solon. The Principles of Handling Woodlands. John Wiley 
& Sons 

Green, Samuel B. Principles of American Forestry. John Wiley & Sons 

Hawley, Ralph Chipman & Hawes, Austin Foster. Forestry in New England. 
John Wiley & Sons 

Mills, James Cooke. Searchlights on Some American Industries (including 
Lumbering). A. C. McClure & Co. 

Interesting, popular description of lumbering operations and certain lumber products, espe- 
cially matches 

Recknagel, A. B. Theory and Practice of Working Plans: Forest Organi- 
zation. John Wiley & Sons 
Roth, Filibert. First Book of Forestry. Ginn & Co. 

Intended for use by high school classes 

Schwappach, Adam F. Forestry (Temple cyclopedic primers). E. P. Button 
6c Co. 

Bulletins 
New York State Government 

Gaylord, F. A. Forestry and Forest Resources in New York. Bulletin i, 

Division of Lands and Forests. N. Y. State Conservation Commission, 

Albany. 191 2 
Pettis, C. R. Reforesting. Bulletin 2, Forest, Fish and Game Commission 

(now Conservation Commission), Albany. 1910 
Rosenbluth, R. Woodlot Forestry. Bulletin 9. N. Y. State Conservation 

Commission, Albany. 1914 

These and other publicatons of the Commission are sent free on request. 

National Government 
Fox, William F. History of the Lumber Industry in the State of New York. 
Bureau of Forestry — Bulletin 34. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1902 
Graves, Henry S. The Management of Second Growth Sprout Forests. 
Reprint in pamphlet form from Yearbook of Department of Agriculttue 
for 1910. U. S. Department of Agriculture 
• ■ — Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks. Division of For- 
estry, Bulletin No. 26. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1899 

Protection of Forests from Fire. Forest Service — 



Bulletin 82. U. S. Department of Agricvdture. 1910 
Pettis, C. R. How to Grow and Plant Conifers in the Northeastern States. 

Forest Service — Bulletin 76. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1909 
Pinchot, Gifford. A Primer of Forestry Part I: The Forest. Farmers' 

Bulletin 173 and Part II: Practical Forestry, Farmers' Bulletin 358, 

U. S. Department of Agriculture 

Periodicals 
American Review of Reviews, April, 1910. The Advance of Forestry in the 

United States, by Henry S. Graves 
National Geographic Magazine, July, 1912. The Fight against Forest Fires, 

by Henry S. Graves 
The Outlook, April 27, 1912. New Forests for Old, by Overton Westfeldt 
The Popular Science Monthly, April, 1913. The Influence of Forests upon 

Chmate, by Robert De C. Ward 



-HA- 
"■■^^ • 3 

Science, July i8, 1913. The Relation of Forests in the Atlantic Plain to the 
Humidity of the Central States and Prairie Region, by Raphael Zon 

Scientific American, December 28, 19 12. Is Forest a Storage Reservoir or 
a Stream Regulator?, by Guy Elliott Mitchell 

LIST OF SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
The forestj 
The purpose of this group as a whole is to show some of the general 
aspects of the forests and forest areas, chiefly of New York. Each 
picture also illustrates one or more special features of forestry. 

Call no. 

Dn Gg94 Panorama Northwest from Prospect Mountain Showing Foothills 

of the Adirondacks Covered with Forest. Near head of Lake 
George, N. Y. (191 1) 

Characterized by patches of land cleared for cultivation, but for 
the most part suitable only for forestry purposes. Cutting here at 
present should be selective. 

Dn AE6 Panorama West over Elizabethtown (Essex co.), Pitchoff Pass 

(right distance); Forest Covered Mountains. The Adiron- 
dacks, N. Y. (1912) 

These woods are second growth. Note the evergreens in middle 
distance, showing that natural reseeding is taking place. In most 
parts of the Adirondacks, as shown here, the solid rock is very close 
to the surface — unfavorable for agriculture. 

Dn OIZ Panorama North from Rock City: a Wooded Section of the 

Eroded Allegheny Plateau. Near Olean, Cattaraugus co., N. Y. 
(1911) 

The forests of this section are chiefly sprout hardwoods. 

Dn Se5 Panorama of Rounded Hilltops, with Wooded Summits, and 

Fertile Valleys. Seward, Schoharie co., N. Y. (1912) 

Dn Bdy Berlin and the Taconic Valley; Wooded Hilltops. Rensselaer 

CO., N. Y. (1913) 

The last two pictures illustrate very well the proper use of the 
valleys and lower slopes for agriculture and the hilltops for lumber 
and wood. 

Th A2 Virgin Forest in Winter ; Mature Hemlocks with Young Growth 

Underneath, with Mixture of Hardwoods. Near Lake Pleasant 
Village, Hamilton co., N. Y. From negative (about 1905) of 
N. Y. State Conservation Commission 

The mature hemlocks should be cut for lumber, giving the young 
trees a chance to grow. 

Th A24 Virgin Forest in Winter: Mixture of Spruce, Hemlock and 

Hardwoods. Woods lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. (1912) 

This is a typical mixture. Note that the trees vary in size: a 
forest for selective cutting. Observe the wasted wood on the ground 
and compare views of German forests, p. 15-16. 

Th A3 Dense Growth of Softwoods, Chiefly Hemlocks, with Long, 

Straight Trunks; Natural Pruning. Bear Mountain, near 
Cranberry lake, St Lawrence co., N. Y. (1913) 

The lower branches, for lack of sunlight, died when very small, 
thus allowing the long trunks to form comparatively free from knots . 



4 

Call no. 

Th A34 Virgin Forest on State Land along Little Salmon Lake, Spruce 

and Hardwoods. Herkimer co., N. Y. (Oct. 1913) 

Dn AH4 Western End of Honnedaga Lake, Surrounded by Virgin Forest, 

Stmimer Camps on Shore. Herkimer co., N. Y. (19 13) 

Th A4 View within a Virgin Forest of Spruce, Numerous Tall, Straight 

Trees of Various Sizes, Free from Branches to the Top. On 
State land, northern part of Herkimer co., N. Y. (19 13) 

Some of these trees are from 75 to 100 feet in height and at least 
100 years old. 

Note the different sizes, regularly found in an unlumbered forest. 
The forest floor is comparatively free from underbrush, due to 
abundant shade. 

Th A44 Comparatively Young Spruce within an Unlumbered Area ; 

Natural Pruning in Progress; Undisturbed Forest Floor. North- 
ern part of Herkimer co., N. Y. (1913) 

This forest is less mature and there is more undergrowth and 
broken down parts of trees than in Th A4. Note how tall and 
straight the spruce trees are. 

Nn SpR4 Detail of Trunk of Red Spruce Tree (Pzcea ruhens), 18 Inches' 

in Diameter; Appearance of the Bark. (1913) 

Th A5 Patch of Small, Thickly Growing White Pine Being Removed: 

Logs and Tops in Foreground; Standing Trees Show Effects of 
Crowding; High Oak Stump Illustrating Wasteful Cutting. 
Albany co., N. Y. (1913) 

These trees have developed height, but not thickness. They 
should have been thinned some years ago. 

Th A55 Small Grove of Large White Pine with Two Large Chestnut Trees 

(on the left). Near Slingerland, Albany co., N. Y. (1913) 

These trees are a remnant of an earlier forest. Pine trees would 
not develop like these in the open. 

Nn PiW4 Detail of Trunk of Large White Pine {Pinus strobus), Deeply 

Furrowed Bark; Ground Strewn with Needles. Near Slinger- 
land, Albany co., N. Y. (1913) 

Th A6 Timber Land, the Kind That Is Cleared for Rice Plantations. 

Brinkley, Ark. (1912) 

This picture and the three following ones illustrate well the 
economic fact that some land should be used for agricultural pur- 
poses rather than for lumbering. 

Th A62 Clearing Forest Preparatory to Planting Rice. Brinkley, Ark. 

(1912) 

Th A63 Breaking Ground That a Month Before Was Covered with Forest. 

Brinkley, Ark. (1912) 

Td Ri7 Harvesting Rice on Land in Forest Eight Months Before. Brink- 
ley, Ark. (1912) 

Yield 120 bushels an acre, worth $1 a bushel. Land of this sort 
cost from $6 to $10 an acre. The cost of clearing and putting in the 
first crop was from $15 to $25. 

Nn PiL2 Forest of Long-leaved, or Yellow, Pine. Duval, Fla. (191 1) 

See also List 5 for turpentine industry. 



The lumber camp 

In beginning lumbering operations on a large tract a temporary 
camp is constructed suitable for accommodating the limibermen 
until the job is finished. 

Call no. 

Th C2 General View of Lumber Camp in Summer. Near Cranberry 

lake, St Lawrence co., N. Y. (1913) 

In every lumber camp buildings for particular purposes are con- 
structed. There is the " men's room " (the building on the left), 
the " cook shack " (the building just beyond), the " stables " (the 
larger buildings on the right), the " blacksmith shop," the " store " 
and the " office." Such a camp is not often used more than two 
or three years unless it happens to be near a main drive. 

The following views of a lumber camp were made in the winter of 
1911-12 near Woodhull lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. 

Th C24 General View of Lumber Camp in Winter; a Sheltered Place in 

the Woods 
Th C4 A Tote Load Just Arrived at Lumber Camp with Provisions 

Two or three teams are kept constantly busy toting in supplies 
to the camp. This is often a long trip, from 10 to 20 miles, and 
everything has to be brought into the camp in this way, feed for the 
horses, provisions and supplies, mail etc. Such a tote road is very 
poor, practically no work being done on it except to clear away the 
trees enough to get through. 
Th C45 A Camp Blacksmith Shop; Making Bunkers 

The blacksmith is absolutely essential to a lumber camp as the 
horses are constantly in need of shoeing, the sleighs are breaking 
and tools and chains are always in demand. The blacksmith usually 
has to work when the other men are idle. A bunker is a kind of 
bolster on which the logs rest. 

Th C6 Camp Kitchen and Eating Room, Preparing Supper 

Th C63 Lumbermen at Supper 

Meals are served earlier in winter than in summer, and the men 
plan to be at their work by daylight in winter. The food of the 
camp is an important factor in making and keeping the men satis- 
fied. It is usually abundant and wholesome. 
Th C7 Sleeping Quarters at a Lumber Camp 

These quarters are very comfortable and clean compared with 
many. 

Felling, sawing, peeling and skidding 
Th D2 Felling a Large Spruce Tree. The Adirondacks, N. Y. (1901) 

Note the notch on the side opposite the saw, made to prevent 
the splitting of the tree when it falls. The cutting point here is 
relatively high on account of the swelling at the bottom of the trunk. 
The best practice is to cut as low as possible and thus avoid waste. 

Th D24 Felling a Large Hardwood Tree: Skidways of Peeled Softwood 

Beyond. Woods lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. (Nov. 1912) 

The softwood was cut and peeled during the summer, the season 
best adapted for such wood. Now the lumbermen are going over 



^6. 

the track again and taking out the hardwood. If hardwood is cut 
in the summer the sap sours and stains the wood, thus injuring it 
for some purposes. 

Call no. ] 

Th D3 Wasteful Lumbering, Dangerous Slash; Small Red Oak (on left) . 

Near Voorheesville, Albany co., N. Y. (1913) 

Note hardwood broken by faUing tree. Much firewood could be 
secured out of the tops. There is a demand for firewood in this 
locahty. This slash is one' in which fire would spread rapidly. 

Th. D6 Sawing into Logs the Hardwood Tree Shown in Th D24. Woods 

lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. (1912) 

Th D8 Many Peeled Spruce in Forest Where Felled; Remaining Hard- 
woods, Stumps, Bark, Forest Floor. Near Cranberry lake, 
St Lawrence co., N. Y. (July, 1913) 

Note that these trees had not attained very large size, that prac- 
tically all the softwood has been cut, that the cut has been made 
low, that the bark is not saved, that peeling is done before sawing 
into logs. 

Peeling in the woods has been coming into practice in recent 
years. Only softwoods are peeled. The bark of these trees peels 
readily in early summer, hence softwoods are cut early in the season 
if they are to be peeled. 

Th E2 Drawing a Trail of Logs on a Slide to a Skidway. Near Cran- 
berry lake, St Lawrence co., N. Y. (19 13) 

Th E3 Skidding Softwood Logs in Summer. Near Cranberry lake, 

St Lawrence co., N. Y. (1913) 

Th E4 Skidding Hardwood Logs in Early Winter. Woods lake, Herki- 
mer CO., N. Y. (1912) 

Th E7 Scaling Unpeeled Spruce on Skidway. Forked lake, Hamilton 

CO., N. Y. (About 1 901) 

Th E8 Skidway of Peeled Pulp Wood. On border of Cranberry lake, 

St Lawrence co., N. Y. (1913) 

The last two views illustrate the change in practice as to peeling. 

Road building 

F Preparation for hauling is made largely in the summer. At that 
time roads are built and the logs are placed on skidways beside 
them. 

Th F2 Corduroy Road through the Forest; Skidways. Near Cranberry 

lake, St Lawrence co., N. Y. (191 3) 

The bed of the road is made even by means of skids. Some 
loose brush may be placed between and over the small logs or poles 
to help hold the snow and ice with which the road is covered in 
winter. The grade is carefully considered so the maximum load 
can be drawn. 

Th F3 Building a Temporary Wide Gauge Railroad through the Forest 

for Hauling Logs. 'Near Cranberry lake, St Lawrence co., 
N. Y. (1913) 
Transportation of logs by rails is largely displacing river driving 

wherever it is practicable. Hardwood logs can not be floated down 



stream, hence little hardwood cutting has been done except where 
the railroad reaches. 

Call no. 

Th F6 Ground Graded for Railroad through the Forest; Peeled Spruce 

and Standing Trees alone the Way. Near Cranberry lake, 
St Lawrence co., N. Y. (1913) 

Winter hauling 

The following views of hauling were made at or near WoodhuU 
lake, Herkimer county in the winter of 1911-12. In northern 
sections hauling is done in winter as conditions are then more 
favorable. 
Th H2 Skidways beside a Main Logging Road 

The logs are skidded in this way during the summer. Compare 
Th F2. The skidways are always in or near the cuttings as it 
does not pay to skid the logs very far from the stump. 
Th H24 Logging Road across Woodhull Lake; Snow Plow in Foreground 

Although one might think a lake an ideal place for a log road, 
it is a location that is always shunned if possible as the deep snow 
breaks the ice, thus letting the water through and making slush 
and forming additional layers of poor ice. More jobbers fall down 
on such lake roads than anywhere else. 

Th H3 Chain and Pulley Arrangement for Assisting Team in Drawing 

Load of Logs up a Steep Hill 

This arrangement is used also to hold back a load going downhill. 
Such a place as this increases the cost of the operation. Bad 
grades not only make slower time but the amount which can be 
carried on each load is much diminished. It is necessary to keep 
a man at such a place in order to pull back the block and chain 
after each load. In locating a road the aim should be to secure 
a good grade; distance is of secondary importance. 

On this job logs were hauled from the skidways for three miles, 
up grade most of the way to the " double headers " where they were 
made up into much larger loads and hauled four miles farther, down 
grade to the landing. 
Th H4 Unloading Logs at a Double Header Skid way 

This picture shows well how logs from the skidways are unloaded 
at a double header to be made up into larger loads on other sleighs. 
Th H44 Topping Off a Load of Logs at a Double Header Skidway 

The hatd from the double header is the " main haul " and the 
loads are made as large as the roads will stand, for the larger the load 
the cheaper the jobber is getting his logs to the " landing." Some- 
times these loads contain from 10 to 15 cords. 

The most highly paid men on the job are usually employed 
" topping off." In this picture the two men rolling the log on 
the load were paid $65 a month, which is very high for woods work. 
Th H5 The Ice Cart, or Water Box, Icing a Logging Road 

Used during freezing weather, chiefly at night. With a good 
ice road much larger loads can be hauled. Note barrels and skids 
for loading the water. 



8 

Call no. • 

Th H56 The Main Haul, a Good Example of a Logging, or Hauling, Road 

The success or failure of a logging operation depends more on the 
roads than on any other factor. As soon as the snow is of sufficient 
depth the road over which all the logs will have to pass, or the 
" main haul," is broken in and sprinkled except where the down 
grades are steep. On the steep down grades the road is carefully 
sanded. (See Th H7) 

Th H6 A Good Load of Pulp Wood, Spruce and Hemlock; 95 Pieces, 

12 Cords, 19 Tons 

This shows well the manner in which the logs are held in place 
by the " toggle chains " and the whole held on by the " binder." 

It is every driver's ambition to haul the largest loads, and yet 
they become very much attached to their teams and see to it that 
they are well cared for. 

Th H7 Load of Logs Coming down a Sand Hill 

All bad down grades are called " sand hills " because it is neces- 
sary to sand the road in order that the load does not get the best 
of the horses. The load shown in this picture weighed nineteen 
tons and the hill was much steeper than it appears in the picture. 
Men were employed on this one hill all the time to keep it in 
the proper condition. The friction of the runners on the sand is 
so great that no matter how cold the day the snow and ice under 
the runners are melted to water. Many sand hills cause a serious 
expense by wearing on the runners of the sleigh. Notice how the 
load in this picture has shifted. Men are sometimes killed by a load 
shifting or getting beyond control. 

Th H72 Sand Hole and " Road Monkey " 

Such places as this are kept on all hills which must be sanded. 
A good road man is a valuable acquisition as on him depends the 
success of getting the loads through. If one load gets stuck there 
is no possible way for the other loads to get by and the loss of a 
day's work means several hundred dollars. 

Th H8 Lumbermen's Lean-to, for Temporary Use 

Men waiting at " double header " for the loads to come from the 
skidways. These men make up from twelve to fourteen loads a 
day. This does not take many hours, but the work is very hard 
and exacting while it lasts. 

Th H9 The Landing; Log Bridge in Distance. South Branch of the 

Moose River 

Here the logs lie on the ice in the river to wait until the spring 
freshets. As seven or eight thousand may be unloaded at such a 
landing place it is necessary to arrange the logs in a uniform position 
else all the available space would soon be used. 

Log driving and rafting 

Before railroads had penetrated the forest areas it was necessary 
to " drive " the logs down streams to get them to the mill. The 



practice is still followed to some extent, but whenever practicable 
the logs are now transported by rail. 

Call no. 

Dn Hui6 View up the Hudson; a Few Logs Floating down the River, Others 

Lodged on the Shore. Thurman, Warren co., N. Y. (Aug. 
1912) 

Logs thus stranded along a stream are usually placed in the water 
again the following year. But at best, driving involves a loss of 
time and often depreciation on value of the wood. 

Th 16 Log Jam above the D. & H. R. R. Bridge. Fort Edward, Wash- 
ington CO., N. Y. (Mar. 28, 1913) 

When logs get entangled in this way much labor is required to 
" break the jam." 

Th I7 Great Log Rafts, Containing Millions of Feet of Lumber. Colum- 
bia river, Washington 

Copyright, 1905, H. C. White Co. 

The sawmill 

Th Li 5 Interior of Sawmill of Old Type; Up-and-down Saw. Woodland 

Valley, near Phoenicia, Ulster co., N. Y. From negative (1904) 
of N. Y. State Conservation Commission 

Th L2 A Small Sawmill in Farming Section. Seward, Schoharie co., 

N. Y. (1913) 
The farmers for several miles around draw to this mill during the 

winter enough logs to supply their ordinary needs for lumber. 

Th L24 Large Sawmill: Band Saw, Carriage with Levers, Logs on 

Logway. Tupper Lake, N. Y. From negative (1904) of N. Y. 
State Conservation Commission 

By means of the levers on the movable carriage the logs are easily 
and quickly placed in any position desired. 

Th L25 Several Large Band Saws in Storage; Machines for Setting and 

Filing Below. Tupper Lake, N. Y. From negative (1904) of 
N. Y. State Conservation Commission 

Th L28 Interior of Large Sawmill: Gang Saw. Tupper Lake, N. Y# 

From negative (1904) of N. Y. State Conservation Commission 

Note that eight logs pass the saws together. Beyond the saws 
are the boards of a previous run of the carriage. 

Th L3 Marble Cove, Looking West: Sawmills and Boom of Logs. 

St John river, St John, N. B. (1913) 

Th L33 Marble Cove, Looking Northwest: Sawmills and Booms of 

Logs, High Limestone Cliffs. St John river, St John, N. B. 
(1913) 
The last two views were photographed from the same point but 
cover different parts of the cove. 

The St John river flows for hundreds of miles through a forest 
area. Shipments of lumber from St John have value of one and a 
half millions dollars annually. 

Th L6 Portable Sawmill in Operation. Albany co., N. Y. (1913) 

Th LB Pit Sawing. Old Cairo, Egypt 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 



lO 

Pit sawing is done by two men, one (the top sawyer) standing 
on top of the timber to be sawed, the other (the pit man), below it. 
This primitive method of sawing was not entirely abandoned when 
sawmills were introduced, a pit saw having been seen in operation 
in Steuben county, N. Y., as late as i860. 

Lumber 

Call no. 
Th M2 General View of Piles of Lumber along Water Front; Lake Boats 

and Canal Boats. North Tonawanda, N. Y. (191 1) 

Th M23 Sorting and Piling Lumber. North Tonawanda, N. Y. (191 1) 

Th M25 Lumber on Trucks before Mill, Ready for Dressing. North 

Tonawanda, N. Y. (191 1) 

Tonawanda, North Tonawanda and Buffalo form the most import- 
ant lumber district in the State. The lumber comes from the 
West and Canada. 

Th My Lumber District, Old Erie Canal and Hudson River. Albany, 

N. Y. (1913) 
Albany was formerly one of the leading lumber districts in the 
country and is still an important distributing center. 

Woodlots 

Th N2 Bad Company — Woods and Pasture; Woodlot Heavily Culled, 

Leaving Scrubby, Limby Trees; Pasture Poor. (1913) 

Such a piece of land should either be cleared of trees and turned 
into good pasture or planted with desirable trees and devoted solely 
to woods. When a woodlot is pastured, there is no new growth 
from the ground. The four sprouts on the right should have been 
reduced to one or two thus turning into fewer trees the growth 
supported by the given supply of roots. 

Th N3 Slash and Cull. (1913) 

Best trees all removed regardless of further use of the land. Poor 
species, like white birch, and worthless individuals left. The next 
crop likely to be of these kinds. Slash left to litter the ground 
and be a dangerous source of fire. 

Th N4 Chances for Investment: Natural Seeding of White Pine under 

Poor Species. (19 13) 

When young the white pine can stand the shade of these trees, 
but at the age shown in the picture they begin to suffer severely 
from over shading and from whipping of the branches. Work at 
odd times through the year slashing down some of the worthless 
trees would greatly increase the growth of white pine and prove 
a very profitable investment for the owner. 
Th N44 Unscientific Management of Land. (19 13) 

All the area shown is used for pasture. If the farmer would fence 
off his woods, including the young pines which seeded naturally, 
planting the few openings in the pine growth already started, and 
would clear the worthless brush and scrub from the open land, seed- 
ing it with good grass, he would have a valuable forest growth and 
increase his forage. The aim. should be to assist nature in reforesting. 



II 

Call no. 
Th N47 A Clean Sweep; a Bad Practice for the Ordinary Woodlot. (19 13) 

This method of procedure leaves no small trees to grow to larger 
size, overlooks the need of a constant supply, destroys the normal 
conditions for starting new trees. The new crop will consist of 
weak sprouts, weeds will spring up, and soil conditions are rendered 
poorer. Compare Th N5 
Th N5 The Way to Improve the Woodlot. (1913) 

The worthless and poorer species and individuals are marked for 
cutting. Their removal will improve the stand and furnish all 
the wood needed. This selective method of cutting woiild build 
up the fanner's woodlot and make it more profitable, whereas by 
the method shown in Th N47 his woodlot is destroyed. 
Th N52 Improvement Cutting; Further Work Needed. (1913) 

Notice reproduction both by sprouts and from seed, keeping the 
ground shaded and covered with a good crop of trees at all times. 
Further work is necessary now to remove some of the dead and 
dying trees and to clear up some wind-thrown trees. The number 
of sprouts from one stump should be reduced to two or, if there 
is plenty of young growth around, to one, thus increasing vigor 
of growth. Such cleaning up will furnish the farmer wood and 
improve his property. The work can be done in winter. 
Th N54 Woodlot Marked for Improvement Cutting. (1913) 

A few popple, here worthless and mature, and some dying chest- 
nut are marked for cutting, leaving a well-spaced, vigorous grow- 
ing stand. These cuttings will make room for the young seedlings 
already started and thus encourage a succession of growth. 

Th N6 A Well Managed Woodlot. From negative of N. Y. State Conser- 
vation Commission 

Under this management the farmer obtains a supply of wood and 
constantly improves his woodlot. 

Some othsr forest products 
Very much of softwood from the forests of New York, as well 
as of New England, Michigan and Canada, is used for pulp wood 
the annual production of which in New York alone is more than 
half a million cords annually. Much pulp wood is also imported by 
this State. 

Th Op2 Huge Pile of Pulpwood; Conveyor and Railroad Cars. Inter- 
national Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. (1912) 

Th Op3 A Pulp Mill on the Black River. Carthage, Jefferson co., N. Y. 

(1913) 
The upper Hudson and the Black river sections of New York are 
noted for their pulp and paper mills. 

Th Of Unloading Waste of Sawmill from Boat, Used for Fuel at Lime 

Kihis. Glens Falls, N. Y. (1912) 

Formerly such material was not used at all. 

Th Oe2 Sawing Logs into Blocks for Excelsior Machines. Phoenicia, 

Ulster CO., N. Y. (1913) 
The wood used in making excelsior is poplar and basswood. 



Call no. 

Th Oe3 View in an Excelsior Factory; Machines, Blocks of Wood, Bales 

of Excelsior. Phoenicia, Ulster co., N. Y. (1913) 

The output of this factory is about four tons a day. 

Ti 8x4 Maple Sugar Bush: Gathering Sap, Absence of New Growth, 

Near Lowville, N. Y. (191 1) 

The hard maple of New York and New England is the source of 
a considerable quantity of maple sugar and syrup and also supplies 
wood for many manufactured articles. 

Forest destruction 

Besides the work of man there are several natural agencies, chiefly 
fire, water and plant pests. 

Th Pf2 Forest Fire; Trenching to Prevent Spread of Fire. Black Bear 

mountain, Hamilton co., N. Y. (1901) 
Th Pf3 Surface of Ground after a Severe Fire. Long Lake West, Hamilton 

CO., N. Y. (1908) 

By this fire every living thing was destroyed over a large area. 

Th Pf4 Forest Area Recently Burned Over, Showing Tendency for Worth- 
less Vegetation to Spring Up. Near Wanakena, St Lawrence 
CO., N. Y. (1913) 

Inferior species are usually the first to spring up. Where, as in 
this case, no seed trees of better species are left, replanting is the 
only means of insuring the establishment of a valuable forest. 

Dn AE8 Big Raven HtU and Little Raven HlU from the Southwest, De- 
forested by Fire. Northwest of Elizabethtown, Essex co., 
N. Y. (1912) 

Ground fire, working on elevations where the soil is shallow, 
usually so far destroys the soil as to make reforesting the work of 
many generations. Forest soil, " duff," composed largely of himius, 
bums quite readily. 

Th Pf6 Charcoal Burning: Kilns, Piles of Wood, Deforested Area. Essex 

CO., N. Y. (About 1890) 

Charcoal bviming was once carried on quite extensively west of 
Lake Champlain in connection with the iron industry. Wood was cut 
with no regard for the future and forest fires were often started from 
the kilns. 

Th Pf5 A Fire Warden's Tower. Cat Head Mountain, Hamilton cc, 

N. Y. From negative of Department of Forestry, Cornell 
University. (19 12) 

New York State employs a field force of 70 rangers who patrol 
lakes and streams, 50 observers on mountain stations and 300 fire 
wardens with power to act in case of fire. Simple towers like the 
one in the picture are built to give the warden an unobstructed 
view over an extensive area. 

Th Pw Drowned Forest; Dead Stumps and Trunks — the Result of 

Raising the Water Level. Cranberry lake, St Lawrence co., 
N. Y. (1913) 

Th Pg2 Red Oaks Defoliated by Gipsy Moth. Weston, Mass. (June 29, 

1911) 



13 

Call no. 
Th Pg3 Hardwood Trees Defoliated by Gipsy Moth. Cohasset, Mass. 

(June 29, 191 1) 
Th Pg8 Clean Stand of Pine and Maple Protected from Gipsy Moth by 

the Cutting Out of Its Favorite Food Plants. Metheun, Mass. 

(June 30, 191 1) 

The gipsy moth feeds especially upon oak, birch and willow. 
The last three pictures represent present New England conditions. 
The gips}'' moth has not yet made headway in New York. Some 
pests attack trees through the bark rather than through the leaves. 
Fungi of various kinds attack individual trees to harm them. 

Effects of forest on flow of water 

Dn CdK Kaaterskill Clove, East from Santa Cruz Park to the Hudson 

Valley: Heavily Wooded. The CatskUl mountains, N. Y. 
(1913) 
Bring out the value of such a forest area as this to regulate the 

flow of water from rain and snow. 

Dn Hui8 Hudson River at Glens Falls at Time of Spring High Water. 

Glens Falls, N. Y. (March 29, 1913) 
Dn HU184 Hudson River at Glens FaUs in Summer. Glens Falls, N. Y. 

(August, 1912) 

Forest restoration 

a Natural seeding 

Nn Sp6 Spruce Cones on the Ground in the Forest. State land along 

Little Salmon lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. (19 13) 

Softwood trees do not begin to produce cones until they have 
attained considerable size. 

Th R3 A Natural Seeding of Spruce; Young Growth under Large Trees. 

On border of Little Salmon lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. (1913) 

These young spruce grew from seeds shed by the neighboring trees. 
Seeds may be carried some distance by the wind and other agencies. 
In lumbering a softwood tract enough fully developed trees should 
be left to reseed the area. 

The young spruce are here too close together. Some are already 
out-stripping others in the struggle to exist. The weaker ones will 
die. 

Th R4 Growth of Self-sown Pines. York co., Va. (1912) 

Th R45 More Advanced Growth of Self-sown Pines; Thinning Needed. 

York CO., Va. (1912) 

Th R5 Road through Advanced Growth of Self-sown Pines. York co., 

Va. (1912) 

The trees shown in the last three pictures are growing on land 
under cultivation prior to the Civil War — but since allowed to 
return to a state of nature. They are known locally as " old field 
pine." 

b The nursery 

The forest nurseries of the State are at Saranac Inn, Lake Clear 
Junction, Saratoga Springs, Comstock and Salamanca. 



14 

Call no. 
Th S2 Preparation of Forest Niirsery Seed Beds: (i) Ground Ready 

for Seed; (2) Seed Sown; (3) Seed Covered with Soil; (4) Entire 

Bed Sown; (5) One-year Beds. State forest nursery, Saratoga 

Springs, N. Y. (May 18, 1912) 
Th S3 Covering Forest Nursery Seed Beds: One Bed Covered with 

Canvas; Another, wiuh Canvas and Wire Netting; a Third, with 

Canvas, Netting and Slats. State forest nursery, Saratoga 

Springs, N. Y. (May 18, 1912) 
Th S34 Forest Seedling Beds in August, Still Covered with Netting. 

State forest nursery, Lake Clear Junction, Franklin co., N. Y. 

(1912) 

This tract contains 6,000,000 trees. 

Th S4 Numerous One Year Old Seedling Beds; Area of Two and Three- 
year Transplant Beds (beyond the frames). State forest 
nursery, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. (May 18, 1912) 

A seed bed 4 feet by 12 feet contains 10,000 plants. Transplants 
are set 250,000 to the acre. 

Th S5 Making Chisel- Shaped Trench in Transplant Bed for Receiving 

Row of Pine Seedlings. State forest nursery, Saratoga Springs, 

N. Y. (May 18, 1912) 
Th S52 Threading the Planting Board with Pine Seedlings Preparatory 

to Setting a Row. State forest nursery, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 

(May 18, 1912) 
Th S56 Removing Planting Board after a Row of Pine Seedlings Has 

Been Set. State forest nursery, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 

(May 18, 1912) 

Th_S6 Numerous Beds of Second Year Spruce. State forest nursery. 

Lake Clear Junction, Franklin co., N. Y. (Aug., 1912) 
Th S64 Beds of Third Year Scotch Pine; Spruce in Foreground. State 

forest niirsery, Saranac Inn, Franklin co., N. Y. (Aug., 1912) 
Th S7 About a Million Three-year Old Transplants in "Heeling In" 

Trenches. State forest nursery, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 

(May 18, 1912) 

The roots of transplants must not be allowed to dry out. " Heel- 
ing in " is a means of protecting them, while waiting for shipment 
or for transplanting. 

Th S9 Baskets and Moss Used for Shipping Transplants. State forest 

nursery, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. (May 18, 1912) 

The cost of three-year old transplants is from $3 to $3.50 a 
thousand. 

c Tree planting 

Th T2 Crew of Men Transferring Three-year Old Pines to Field. State 

Reservation, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. (May 18, 1912) 

Th T5 Eleven-year Old Scotch Pines on Reforested State Land. State 

forest plantation. Lake Clear Junction, Franklin co., N. Y. 
(1912) 

Forestry in Europe 

Reference: A. Knechtel. The Cultivated Forests of Europe. Eighth and 
Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission, 1902-3, p. 179-200. 

f The pictures of this group on the forests of Germany and of 
Switzerland are particularly useful for comparison with those illus- 
trating American forests. Centuries ago density of population 
and other conditions in Europe stimulated efforts to grow forests 



IS 

There a forest is a crop, which is expected to yield an annual income. 
The vocation of the forester is of much importance. 

These illustrations on forestry in Europe are from negatives of 
the New York State Conservation Commission made in 1904 by 
A. Knechtel then a member of that department but now chief 
forester of Dominion parks, Canada. Assistance has been rendered 
by Mr Knechtel in the preparation of this section of the list. 

Call no. 
Thg A2 A Forest Plantation of Spruce with Roads Radiating from a Com- 
mon Center. Near Eisenach in the Thuringian forest, Germany 

Note how clean the ground is and that the trees are uniform in 
size. This forest, like most of those in Europe, was planted. No 
tree is allowed to die and fall to the ground to decay. The 
Thuringian forest is noted for its beauty and is a tourist resort. 
Signs on the trees indicate the road to take to reach certain places. 

Thg A3 Fine Spruce Trees on Nonagricultural Land ; an Excellent Road. 

Near Bastei, Saxony, Germany 

One-fourth of Germany, practically all nonagricultural land, is 
under . forest cover. Good roads are maintained through these 
forests. 

Thg A4 A Spruce Forest with Road; on Left Once Thinned, on Right 

Ready for Thinning. In the Erzgebirge, Germany 

The first thinning gives from 8 to 20 festmeters of poles per hectare 
(a festmeter = a cubic meter of solid wood; a hectare = about 2^ 
acres). The second thinning yields from 15 to 30 fm., chiefly pulp 
wood. When the trees are from 70 to 80 years old a thinning gives 
100 fm., worth from 10 to 12 marks per fm. After this about 400 
trees per hectare are left standing for the final cutting which gives 
from 450 to 800 fm., not counting branches. All trimmings are used 
for firewood. 

Thg A5 Spruce Forest after the Second Thinning; Piles of Peeled Pulp- 
wood. In the Erzgebirge, Germany 

The Erzgebirge is a mountain range on southern boundary of 
Saxony, densely wooded with coniferous trees. 

Thg A6 Oaks (350-400 years old) and Beeches (180-200 years old). 

Rothenbuch, in the Spessart, Germany 

The Spessart is one of the largest and finest forest-districts in 
Germany, noted for its gigantic oaks and beeches. It is situated 
on both sides of the Main east of Frankfort. The beeches shown are 
the second generation grown among the oaks. 

Ths A4 Mixed Species; Ground Covered with Young Beech, Wind-sown. 

In the Sihlwald, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland 
Thg O3 Annual Cut of Scotch Pine Firewood from a Forest Owned by a 

City. Grabow, Mecklenburg, Germany 

The picture shows 1000 fm., one-third the annual yield from a city 
forest of 2500 hectare. This is the equivalent of only a small part 
of a cord per acre for the entire forest. But it must be considered 
that wood is scarce in Germany, that it is taken out not alone for 
fuel but also to improve the remaining forest, that under the com- 
partment system in use wood probably is not collected from the entire 
forest each year. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




002 8i8"826"2 

CaU no. • 

Thg 06 A Wood Harvest in a Staat Forst. Lohmen,near Dresden, Ger- 
many 

Note the clean cutting, the common practice in Germany. In the 
foreground is a new plantation. 

Ths F3 Permanent Gravity Railway for Removing Wood from the Forest. 

In the Sihlwald, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland 

In most European countries it is expected that a forest will yield 
an annual revenue, hence such tracks are maintained during the 
life of the forest, or until it ceases to supply wood. Sometimes only 
a single rail is laid. 

Thg O7 Needles and Moss Collected in a Spruce Forest for Bedding. 

Tharandt, near Dresden, Germany 

Nothing is allowed to go to waste. Leaves are also removed from 
these forests. 

Thg 08 Man Carrjdng Brush from Forest for Firewood. Near Gerardmer, 

Vosges mountains, Germany 

Within the forests of Europe there are many small settlements. 
There are no large uninhabited areas as in the Adirondacks. 
Peasants regularly gather a supply of fuel as shown in this and 
the next picture. 

Ths 06 Part of Winter's Wood Supply; Load of Tree Tops Drawn by Cow. 

Zurich, Switzerland 

Thg H3 Hauling Balsam Logs (full length of tree trunks) ; Three Oxen and 

a Horse. Tilisee, Black forest, Germany 

Thg L4 A Sawmill; Long Straight Logs on the Logway. Hartz moun- 
tains, Germany 

In Germany, tree trunks are not sawed up into short logs as in 
America. A 16 meter log has a maximum diameter of 16 cm and 
minimum diameter of 10 cm at 16 meters from the base. This is a 
good sized log in Germany. Compared with American logs it is 
small. About 80 per cent of a tree goes into Itmiber. Most German 
sawmills are small, but unlike American mills they are operated 
almost continuously for many years. Although all of her available 
land is in forests, Germany does not produce all the lumber she needs. 
The price of lumber and wood is high. What will be the condition 
in America when her poptilation has become as dense as that of 
Germany ? 

Thg R3 Four Areas of Pine Woods, Ages Respectively 3, 15, 30 and 45 

Years. Grabow, Mecklenburg, Germany 
Thg R4 Three Areas of Pine Woods, Ages Respectively 3,11 and 60 Years. 

Grabow, Mecklenburg, Germany 

The last two pictures illustrate the prevailing European practice 
of successive clean cutting and replanting. 

A forestry leader 

Th YpD Portrait of Gifford Pinchot (1865 — ). From negative (1907) 

from life by Harris & Ewing, Washington. (1913) 



